Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) | La Hacienda

In recent years cannabis has been getting a lot of attention with people claiming it has medicinal properties that can help with various conditions. One of the most well known and debated parts of the cannabis plant is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which has become the focus of research, medical use and continued use as a recreational drug.

Synthetic cannabinoids are manufactured chemicals that mimic the psychoactive effects of THC.

This post covers THC and its chemical structure, accepted medical uses, potential for abuse and addiction and the legal situation surrounding this stuff.

Key Takeaways

• THC is a psychoactive compound in cannabis plants. THC products have benefits but also side effects of abuse and addiction.
• It has medical use for cancer chemotherapy, including inhibiting chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, and aiding appetite stimulation for weight gain with AIDS patients.
• THC and cannabis derived products are legal under federal and state laws.

What is Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, is the primary psychoactive cannabinoid in both natural and medical cannabis plants. It’s what gets you high. THC’s effects can range from euphoria and relaxation to altered sensory perception. The cannabis sativa plant has multiple isomers of THC such as the synthetic cannabinoid agonists Delta 8, Delta 9 and Delta 10 each with different properties and effects.

THC is often compared to cannabidiol (CBD) another major cannabinoid in cannabis but unlike THC CBD does not have psychoactive effects in its pure form. THC interacts with our endocannabinoid system. THC binds to cannabinoid receptors and causes various responses. For example the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is a G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor encoded by the CNR1 gene in the human body. The CB1 receptor is primarily expressed in the central nervous system (CNS).

THC ingested through marijuana use or oral THC has the potential for abuse and addiction and various side effects and risks. The most commonly reported adverse effects of THC usage include dysphoria and hallucinations. Additionally, secondhand cannabis smoke contains toxic substances similar to those in tobacco smoke, raising concerns about its possible harmful effects. Secondhand cannabis smoke exposure can be particularly concerning due to the potential negative health outcomes, especially for children exposed to THC and its psychoactive effects.

Chemical Structure and Properties

To understand the psychoactive effects of THC and how it interacts with the endocannabinoid system, we need to look at its chemical structure and properties. THC has four stereoisomers, including delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol, which is the main psychoactive compound in cannabis. Learning about the chemical structure of THC is helpful for identifying and assessing risk factors associated with its use, such as dependence and negative health outcomes in vulnerable groups like older patients and adolescents. The molecule binds to cannabinoid receptors in the brain and nerves and can lead to substance abuse in some individuals.

Enzymes like FAAH, MAGL, and ABHDs break down plant cannabinoids like THC. These enzymes also metabolize other drugs, so it’s important to understand human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics.

Delta 8 THC in the Cannabis Plant

Delta 8-THC or delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol is a psychoactive compound in marijuana plants and is controlled by the Drug Enforcement Administration.

Compared to the more potent delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol, Delta 8 has a milder psychoactive effect and has shown therapeutic benefits in clinical trials.

9-cis-THC, a weak cannabinomimetic, is involved in the tetrad test in vivo and can cause cannabis syndrome with long term use. Understanding the risk of cannabis addiction also requires knowing the chromatographic behavior of 9-cis-THCs vs trans-THCs.

Delta 9 THC

Delta 9-THC or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol THC is the primary psychoactive phytocannabinoid and is responsible for most of cannabis’s effects. Many studies have looked into its various pharmacological effects including:

• Hypothermia (low body temperature)
• Catalepsy-like behavior
• Hypolocomotion
• Analgesia in mice

In humans Delta 9-THC has low bioavailability and is mostly metabolized to 11-hydroxy-THC (HO-THC) by CYP2C9.

THC has many toxicological effects. The most notable is the effect on the CB1 receptor in the central nervous system which causes the psychological effects of cannabis use. In animal studies the short term reinforcing effects of THC have been shown to be effective. This includes brain stimulation reward, conditioned place preference and intravenous self-administration.

CP 55,940 is a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist that can produce place preference. The effects of this agonist can be reversed by naloxone. Cannabinoid receptor agonists can replace 9-THC. Their effects can be reversed by cannabinoid receptor antagonists.

Delta 10 THC

Delta 10-THC or delta-10-tetrahydrocannabinol is relatively new with less research. Its molecular structure is similar to Delta 9-THC but has a double bond at the 10th carbon atom making Delta 10-THC unique.

Research on Delta 10-THC is limited, and it is not yet regulated federally, but some states have passed laws restricting its use.

THC vs CBD

THC and CBD are the two main cannabinoids in cannabis plants, each with its own properties and effects. THC interacts with cannabinoid receptors in the brain, CBD works through a different mechanism and is not psychoactive unless misused.

There are claims of pain relief, anti-inflammatory and anti-anxiety effects with THC and CBD but the risk of addiction and side effects like paranoia and anxiety is higher with THC use.

History and Background

Cannabis has been used for medicinal and recreational purposes for thousands of years, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient civilizations in Egypt, China, and India. The cannabis plant, also known as Cannabis sativa, contains over 100 chemical compounds, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is the primary psychoactive compound responsible for the “high” associated with cannabis use, while CBD is a non-psychoactive compound with potential therapeutic benefits.

In the United States, cannabis was first prohibited in the early 20th century, and its use was heavily restricted until the 1990s, when California became the first state to legalize medical marijuana. Since then, many states have followed suit, and cannabis use has become increasingly accepted for both medical and recreational purposes.

Mechanism of Action and Effects

THC and CBD interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, which plays an important role in regulating various physiological processes, including pain, mood, and appetite. THC binds to cannabinoid receptors in the brain and nervous system, producing psychoactive effects, while CBD has a more subtle impact on the body, with potential therapeutic benefits for conditions such as anxiety, inflammation, and seizures.

Cannabis use can have both short-term and long-term effects on the brain and body. Short-term effects may include altered perception, mood changes, and impaired cognitive function, while long-term effects may include dependence, respiratory problems, and increased risk of mental health disorders.

Medical Uses of THC in Medical Marijuana

Many delta-8 THC products are being marketed for therapeutic or medical use but the FDA has not approved them. THC is being promoted as a pharmacological medical use for multiple sclerosis and nerve pain and to reduce chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting. In addition, THC stimulates the appetite in cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) anorexia.

The FDA has approved Synthetic THC medications like dronabinol and nabilone for specific medical conditions like AIDS related anorexia and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting.

Medical cannabis is legally accessible in over 50% of states in the United States.

Administration and Dosage

Cannabis can be administered in various forms, including smoking, vaping, edibles, and topical creams. The dosage and potency of cannabis products can vary widely, and it is essential to follow recommended guidelines to avoid adverse effects.

Smoking cannabis can pose health risks, including respiratory problems and increased risk of lung cancer. Vaping cannabis products has also been linked to lung injury and other health problems. Edibles and topical creams can provide a safer alternative, but it is crucial to follow recommended dosages and start with low amounts to avoid adverse effects.

Monitoring and Testing

Monitoring and testing are essential for safe and effective cannabis use. Patients should be regularly monitored for signs of dependence, respiratory problems, and mental health disorders. Testing for cannabis use can be done through urine, blood, or saliva samples, and it is essential to follow recommended guidelines for testing and interpretation.

Healthcare providers should also be aware of potential drug interactions between cannabis and other medications, including opioids, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants. Patients should be advised to disclose their cannabis use to their healthcare providers to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Drug Abuse and Addiction

The psychoactive effects of THC like euphoria, relaxation, and altered sensory perception make it prone to drug abuse and addiction. Long-term use can lead to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms which can be challenging for individuals who want to quit or reduce their cannabis use.

Euphoria and Relaxation

The euphoric and relaxing effects of THC are the main reason for its appeal and potential for abuse and addiction. These effects can vary from person to person and dose to dose with some users experiencing a more intense “high” than others.

But the risks of abusing or becoming addicted to THC through marijuana or edibles should not be dismissed. Long term use can lead to tolerance, dependence and withdrawal symptoms making it hard for individuals to stop or reduce their cannabis use.

Altered Sensory Perception

THC can alter sensory perception, causing hallucinations, changes in time perception and changes in color and sound perception. These effects can be fascinating and disorienting and adds to the appeal of THC and increases the risk of abuse and addiction.

While altered sensory perception may be fun for some users, for others THC use creates anxiety, paranoia and confusion.

Behavioral Effects

Cannabis consumption can cause several adverse effects including paranoia, anxiety and decreased cognitive abilities. These effects can affect an individual’s daily life, relationships and overall well being.

Risks and Side Effects

Risks and side effects of THC use include:

• Dependence
• Psychiatric disorders like, anxiety, and psychotic episodes
• Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, a condition characterized by recurrent episodes of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Individuals who start using cannabis before the age of 18 are at a higher risk for cannabis use disorder. Amotivational syndrome has been connected to long-term cannabis use, showing symptoms similar to depression.

Individuals especially those considering cannabis for medical use need to weigh the benefits of THC use against these risks and side effects.

Estimates for a potentially lethal human THC dose range from 4 to 15 grams.

Toxicity and Overdose

Cannabis toxicity and overdose can occur, especially when high-potency products are used. Symptoms of cannabis toxicity may include anxiety, paranoia, and psychosis, while overdose can lead to respiratory depression, coma, and even death.

Treatment for cannabis toxicity and overdose typically involves supportive care, including hydration, oxygen therapy, and monitoring of vital signs. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Be aware of the risks associated with cannabis use. Avoid using high-potency products or combining cannabis with other substances.

Legality and Regulation of THC

The legality and regulation of THC varies depending on federal and state laws. In the United States, THC is a Schedule I substance making it illegal for recreational use. Some states have passed laws allowing medical and/or recreational cannabis making it a complex legal landscape for patients and users.

Cannabis users need to know the legality and regulation of THC in their area. Hemp-derived CBD products are legal on the federal level, while marijuana-derived CBD products are illegal federally.

Federal Law

Under federal law THC is a Schedule I substance which puts it in the same category as heroin and cocaine. This means THC is considered to have high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use making it illegal unless used in an area that allows it as a prescription medication.

Despite this federal classification some states have passed laws allowing medical marijuana which contains THC. These laws are exceptions to the federal law and allows individuals with specific medical conditions to access THC for therapeutic use.

The 2018 Farm Bill removed hemp from the federal Controlled Substances Act, defining it as cannabis with less than 0.3% THC. Many states allow the medical use of products low in THC, while maintaining restrictions on higher concentrations.

As of April 2023, 38 states and the District of Columbia have legalized medical marijuana. In addition to medical use, 24 states allow recreational use of cannabis.

The federal government does not recognize the medical use of cannabis despite state laws allowing it.

Texas State Laws

In Texas possessing, selling, distributing or producing marijuana is still an illegal drug and a criminal offense. Penalties for possession of marijuana in Texas can be misdemeanors or felonies depending on the amount.

However medical marijuana is legal in limited circumstances in Texas and allows some patients access to cannabis based treatments including those with THC. It’s important for individuals in Texas to know the state laws surrounding THC use and to use it responsibly and within the law.

Synthetic Cannabinoids Medications

Synthetic THC medications such as Nabilone and Dronabinol are FDA approved for specific medical conditions including chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting and AIDS related anorexia. These medications are a legal alternative to medicinal cannabis for patients that need the therapeutic effects of THC.

La Hacienda Addiction Treatment Center Treats Cannabis Use Disorder

Since 1972, La Hacienda has been at the forefront in treating addiction and alcoholism. Many patients come to treatment with a reservation of letting go of THC in any form. We have seen patients on high doses of prescription medicine and smoking marijuana or eating edibles simultaneously. Some patients come in using marijuana only and do not comprehend why they cannot stop in spite of truly wanting to stop.

This is where understanding the nature of addiction applies. Any substance use disorder has one thing in common – not being able to stop even though life has become unmanageable. Every person is different, some lose jobs and family or friends, and others have everything they could ever want, but still feel empty.

Our on-campus addiction medicine boarded physicians and 24-hour nursing staff understand withdrawal physically and mentally. With their input our clinical team helps develop a treatment plan for success.

If you or a loved one are seeking help, we are available to talk every day.

Closing Thoughts

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a complex molecule with many uses and risks. As research continues to explore its use in cancer treatment and other medical conditions THC in medicine may bring new and innovative treatments. But it’s a drug. It’s not legal in many states.

Since THC is a risky drug and one for addiction there is help if needed.

Frequently Asked Questions

Sources:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26426861

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00513

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/tetrahydrocannabinol

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563174

https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/meeting/documents/thc-isomerism.pdf

https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/5-things-know-about-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol-delta-8-thc

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/tetrahydrocannabinol